Name : Zaenal Abidin
NPM : 16609192
Class : 4SA02
The Elements of Culture
Social Organization
· Creates
social structure by organizing its members into small units to meet basic
needs.
· Family
Patterns: family is the most important unit of social organization. Through
the family children learn how they are expected to act and what to believe.
· Nuclear
family: wife, husband, children. This is a typical family in an
industrial society (US).
· Extended
family: Several generations living in one household, working and living
together: grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins. Respect for
elders is strong.
· Social
classes: rank people in order of status, depending on what is important to the
culture (money, job, education, ancestry, etc.)
Customs And Traditions
· Rules
of Behavior are enforced ideas of right and wrong. They can be customs,
traditions, rules, or written laws.
Religion
· Answers
basic questions about the meaning of life.
· Supports
values that groups of people feel are important.
· Religion
is often a source of conflict between cultures.
· Monotheism
is a belief in one god.
· Polytheism
is a belief in many gods.
· Atheism
is a belief in no gods.
Language
· Language
is the cornerstone of culture.
· All
cultures have a spoken language (even if there are no developed forms of
writing).
· People
who speak the same language often share the same culture.
· Many
societies include a large number of people who speak different languages.
· Each
language can have several different dialects.
Arts And Literature
· They
are the products of the human imagination.
· They
help us pass on the culture’s basic beliefs.
· Examples:
art, music, literature, and folk tales
Forms of Government
· People
form governments to provide for their common needs, keep order within society,
and protect their society from outside threats.
· Definition
of government: 1. Person/people who hold power in a society; 2 Society’s
laws and political institutions.
· Democracy: people
have supreme power, government acts by and with consent.
· Republic: people
choose leaders who represent them.
· Dictatorship:
ruler/group holds power by force usually relying on military support for power.
Economic System
· How
people use limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs.
· Answers
the basic questions: what to produce, how to produce it, and for
whom.
· Traditional
Economy: people produce most of what they need to survive (hunting,
gathering, farming, herding cattle, make own clothes/tools).
· Market
Economy: buying and selling goods and services
· Command
Economy: Government controls what/how goods are produced and what
they cost. Individuals have little economic power
· Mixed
Economy: Individuals make some economic decisions and the government
makes others.
The Difference Between
Culture and Civilization
Civilization denotes utilitarian things used as
apparatus. To understand the term ‘culture’ clearly it would be desirable to
distinguish it from civilization. Writers have many different concepts of
civilization. Civilization is considered to have begun at the time of writing
and the advent of metals. As history begins with writing, so does civilization.
Ogburn and Nimkoff conceived of civilization as the latter phase of the super
organic culture.
Some based civilization on civil
organization as contrasted to clan or kinship organization. Since civil
organization was found more commonly in large towns, so people living in these
towns were called civilized. A.A. Golden Weiser used the word ‘civilization’ as
synonymous to ‘culture’ and applied the term to non-literate people. Others
reserve the word ‘civilization’ for some selected part of a culture. Brooks
Adam thinks his concept limp lies order maintained over an area by government
power.
To Arnold Toynbee, a civilization is
essentially a religious and ethical system holding away over an area of the
larger than a state or nation. Such a system is unified by customs,
institutions and ideologies. Some sociologists divide culture into two parts,
the material and non- material. By material is meant one can create objects.
Like dwellings pens, radio, articles of clothing, utensils, tools, books and
paintings, by non material is meant the abstract creations of man such as
language, literature, science, art, law and religion.
The sociologists Jhon Lewis Gillin and
Johan Phillip Gillin explited the term ‘culture’ to designate the ideas and
techniques behind the concrete objects and cultural equipment to describe the
objects themselves. According to them civilization is a more complex and
evolved form of culture.
Mac Iver uses
the word ‘civilization’ to denote utilitarian things the whole mechanism and
social organism techniques and material instruments which have been devised by
man in his endeavour to control the conditions of his life. These things
operate as means to ends.
They are
wanted because by using them as means we can secure certain satisfactions.
Civilization in this sense would include the radio, the ballot box, the
telephone, rail-roads, the schools, the bank and the tractor, etc.
All these
belong to the realm of civilization. A.W. Green Golds remarks that “A culture
becomes civilization only when it possesses written language, science,
philosophy, a specialized division of labour and a complex technology and
political system”.
The Definition of Culture According to Experts
1. Edward B. Taylor
Culture is a complex whole,
that it contains the knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, mores, and other
capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.
2. M. Jacobs and B.J. Stern
Culture covers all forms of
technology including social, ideological, religious, and arts and objects, all
of which are social heritage.
3. Koentjaraningrat
Culture is a whole system
of ideas, actions, and the work of human beings in order to become a society
that human beings belong to learn.
4. Dr. K. Kupper
Culture is a system of
ideas that guide and driver for the human in attitude and behavior, both
individually and in groups.
5. William H. Haviland
Culture is a set of rules
and norms that are shared by members of the public, which if carried out by its
members will bear behavior deemed feasible and can be received by all
communities.
6. Ki Hajar Dewantara
Culture means the fruit of
the human mind is the result of the struggle of man against two strong
influences, the nature of the times and is a testament to the triumph of human
life to overcome the obstacles and hardships in life and livelihood in order to
achieve salvation and happiness at the birth is orderly and peaceful.
7. Francis Merill
Behavioral patterns are
generated by social interaction
All behavior and all
products produced by someone as a member of a community that is found through
symbolic interaction.
8. Bounded et.al
Culture is something that
is formed by the development and transmission of human beliefs through certain
symbols, such as language symbols as a series of symbols that are used to
divert the cultural beliefs among the members of a society. The messages about
the culture, which is expected to be found in the media, government, religious
institutions, educational systems and such.
9. Mitchell (Dictionary of
Soriblogy)
Culture is the most overall
looping action or human activity and human-generated products that have been
popular in the community socially and not just in the genetikal switch.
10. Robert H. Lowie
Culture is everything in
getting individuals from the community, including beliefs, customs, norms
artistic, eating habits, skills obtained not from his own creativity but rather
a legacy of the past which can be through formal or informal education.
11. Archaeologists R.
Seokmono
Culture is all the result
of human effort, either an object or just a piece of mind and the life.
The Meaning of Culture
Culture is all these
things and much more. In fact, most everything we do is influenced by culture,
the way we give and receive information, use time and space, or view authority:
-
Culture is a framework of behavioral patterns, values, assumptions
and experiences shared by a social group,
-
Culture is a mostly automatically or unconsciously applied
orientation system of collective values, which makes its group members’
behavior comprehensible and to a certain degree predictable for each other,
-
Culture is communication, it impacts how we send and interpret
messages,
-
Culture shapes human conduct within a cultural group,
-
Culture is something we learn,
-
Culture is like mental software and has accordingly been defined as
“the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one
group or category of people from others” (Geert Hofstede),
-
Culture acts as a kind of filter or lens through which we view others,
affecting the way we see them and creating multiple perspectives,
-
Culture is often compared to an iceberg. Like the tip of an
iceberg, visible aspects of culture such as behavior, eating habits, or
clothing are easy to see. Under the surface, however, hides a huge and
potentially fatal portion made up of beliefs, values, customs, experiences and
assumptions. Knowledge of the deeper parts of the iceberg helps us understand
the “why” behind the behavior. It enables us to make more informed evaluations of
global counterparts and avoid misunderstandings that can waste time and damage
relationships.
Awareness of our own cultural conditioning and knowledge about other
cultural systems build the foundation of cross‐cultural
training while paving the path towards cross‐cultural
competence.
The Meaning of Interaction
Most companies see social interaction
as some kind of marketing, and design their presence around campaigns and
events. Social media return of investment is then the art of measuring the
output of these campaigns against whatever costs a company had to put into it. It
all sounds very well, but that is not actually what social interaction is
about. Social interaction is a way of life that establishes a healthier
connection between your customers and yourself. Like exercising.
Example
of Cultural Interaction
1.
Cooperation
Cooperation
is a form of social interaction in which those people or groups working
together for a common goal Bantumembantu. For example, gotongroyong clean up
the school grounds.
2.
Competition
Competition
is a form of social interaction in which those people or groups vying for the
same purpose.
3.
Conflicts
The
contradiction is a form of social interaction in the form of direct and
conscious struggle between people with people or groups with a group to achieve
a common goal.
4. Agreement
Compatibility
is the process of adjustment in which the people or groups who are opposed
agreed to settle the dispute or agree to prevent a protracted conflict by
peaceful interaction is both temporary and eternal.
Besides property also has a broader
meaning, namely, adjustment among people with one other person, the person with
the group, between one group to another group.
5. Blend
The
combination is a social process in its early stages continuation, which is
characterized by efforts to reduce the differences that occur between
individuals or groups. And also the efforts to enhance the unity of action,
attitude, and mental processes by taking into account the interests and goals
together.
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